ABSTRACT
Abstract Purpose: To evaluate a model for studying the toxicity in nervous tissue and meninges using ultrasound to guide needle insertion into the subarachnoid space of rabbits, with the objective of avoiding injuries triggered by the puncture and by intraneural injection of solutions. Methods: Forty-five adult female rabbits were divided into 3 groups (G): G1 underwent subarachnoid puncture, G2 underwent subarachnoid injection of saline solution and G3 underwent subarachnoid injection of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. A needle was inserted into the S1-S2 subarachnoid space guided by ultrasound. The sensitivity and motility of the animals were evaluated for 3 days, after which the animals were sacrificed for removal of lumbar and sacral portions of the spinal cord for histological examination by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Results: All animals had motor function and pain sensitivity on the evaluation period. No animal had complication during or after the procedures. Conclusion: Ultrasound is a useful and safe method for the correct identification of the subarachnoid space of rabbits.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rabbits , Spinal Puncture/methods , Subarachnoid Space/diagnostic imaging , Ultrasonography, Interventional/methods , Reproducibility of Results , Models, AnimalABSTRACT
Toxoplasmosis and leishmaniasis are two worldwide zoonoses caused by the protozoan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania spp., respectively. This report describes the clinical and laboratorial findings of a co-infection with both parasites in a 4-year-old female dog suspected of ehrlichiosis that presented anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, tachyzoite-like structures to the lung imprints, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results positive for T. gondii (kidney, lung, and liver) and Leishmania spp. Co-infection with Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania braziliensis was confirmed by sequencing; restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) confirmed an atypical T. gondii genotype circulating in dogs that has been reported to cause human congenital toxoplasmosis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Female , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Leishmania braziliensis/genetics , Leishmaniasis/veterinary , Toxoplasma/genetics , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/parasitology , Coinfection/parasitology , Coinfection/veterinary , DNA, Protozoan , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Genotype , Leishmaniasis/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis/parasitology , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/diagnosisABSTRACT
This study reports an unusual case of deforming mandibular osteomyelitis in a cow caused by Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes, on the face of the ventrolateral caudal portion of the right branch of the mandible. Fragment aspired of lesion by fine needle allowed cytological characterization, isolation and identification of T. pyogenes. Radiographic examination showed marked periosteal reaction in the right mandible, numerous lytic areas and cortical bone destruction. Despite of treatment based on in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity test, it was recommended the euthanasia due to progressive worsening of the cow's condition. Multiple abscesses were observed in the mandibular region at necropsy. Pyogranuloma was characterized in histological exam. Sampled material collected from the lesion after necropsy resulted in microbiological reisolation of T. pyogenes .
Relata-se caso incomum de osteomielite mandibular deformante em vaca, causada por Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes, na face ventro-lateral da porção caudal do ramo direito da mandíbula. A punção aspirativa de fragmento da lesão permitiu a caracterização citológica, o isolamento microbiano e identificação de T. pyogenes. Exame radiográfico mostrou acentuada reação periodontal na mandíbula direita, com predomínio de áreas líticas e destruição da cortical óssea. Apesar da instituição do tratamento baseado no teste de sensibilidade microbiana in vitro, foi recomendada a eutanásia, em virtude da piora progressiva do estado geral do animal. No exame post-mortem foram observados múltiplos abscessos na lesão que, histologicamente, foi caracterizada como piogranuloma. A colheita de material da região mandibular afetada, após a necropsia, resultou no reisolamento microbiológico de T. pyogenes .
ABSTRACT
A tromboflebite jugular ocorre frequentemente em equinos, decorrendo geralmente de processos mórbidos associados à iatrogenia, podendo levar a perda de função, edema cefálico, diminuição do desempenho atlético e ainda causar o óbito. Esta enfermidade nos equinos apesar de frequente é pouco conhecida quanto à sua evolução e tratamentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a evolução da tromboflebite jugular experimental em equinos, quanto às alterações clínicas e estruturais envolvidas na enfermidade, observando-se os aspectos clínicos, ultra-sonográficos e venográficos no contexto do trombo e do vaso, quanto à possibilidade de recanalização do trombo produzido e da vascularização compensatória. A tromboflebite da veia jugular foi induzida, unilateralmente, em 05 equinos nos quais previamente à indução da tromboflebite e diariamente após foram observadas manifestações clínicas e realizados exames ultra-sonográficos. Venografias foram feitas nos momentos pré-indução, na indução e a cada seis dias após a indução da tromboflebite, verificando-se a recanalização do trombo oclusivo e a presença de vasos na drenagem sanguínea compensatória. Observou-se a ocorrência de edema moderado das regiões parotídea, massetérica e supra-orbitária e discreto edema submandibular que reduziram até o 6º dia, permanecendo apenas discreto aumento parotídeo. O ingurgitamento da jugular cranial a região da indução permaneceu durante todo o período de avaliação. A porção caudal à tromboflebite mostrou ingurgitamento frente ao garrote na entrada do tórax desde o primeiro dia após a indução. Os exames ultra-sonográficos mostraram formação de trombo oclusivo total durante todo o período de observação em 3 animais e o restabelecimento parcial do fluxo na jugular em 2 animais e a presença de vasos colaterais conduzindo o sangue da porção cranial para a porção caudal à obstrução. As venografias revelaram fluxo sanguíneo "linear" normal no momento pré-operatório, constatando nos momentos pós-operatórios a presença oclusiva do trombo, com o contraste preenchendo os vasos tributários compensatórios direcionados à porção caudal à oclusão da veia ou ainda estagnado cranialmente ao trombo. Conclui-se que a trombose oclusiva na tromboflebite jugular experimental e unilateral sofre recanalização e compensação vascular por vasos tributários de drenagem, com redução gradativa dos sinais decorrentes da estase sanguínea de retorno, especificamente as regiões cefálicas com edema. Estudos envolvendo a tromboflebite jugular nos equinos devem evoluir nos aspectos experimental e clínico.
Jugular thrombophlebitis is a common complication of disease processes associated with repeated venipuncture, injection of irritant solutions, and the use of indwelling catheters, especially with bacterial contamination. Bilateral thrombophlebitis may result in edema of the soft tissues of the head, reduction of athletic performance and even death of the animal. This disease, although common in horses, is not much known regarding its evolution and treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and structural changes of experimentally induced jugular thrombophlebitis in horses, through clinical examination, ultrasound and venography of the thrombus and the vessel, verifying the possibility of thrombus recanalization and compensatory produced blood flow. The jugular thrombophlebitis was induced unilaterally into 5 horses, monitored by clinical (general, regional and local) and ultrassonographycs exams. Venographs were made at pre-induction, induction and every 6 days after induction of thrombophlebitis, in order to observe recanalization of the occlusive thrombus and presence of blood vessels in the drainage allowance. Occurrence of moderate edema was observed in the parotid, masseter and supra orbital regions, and mild edema in the submandibular region. The jugular engorgement of the cranial region of induction persisted throughout the period of evaluation. The caudal portion to the thrombophlebitis showed engorgement with compression on the vein at the thorax entrance since the first day after induction. The ultrasound examinations showed total occlusive thrombus formation of 3 animals, partial recirculating flow in the jugular vein in 2 animals, and collateral blood vessels from the cranial obstruction to the caudal portion. The venography revealed normal linear blood flow in the preoperative and occlusive thrombus with contrast directed filling of the vessels to the compensatory portion caudal to the vein occlusion or cranial to the thrombus in the postoperative moments. After vein resection of the segment containing the thrombus, the cephalic edema was less intense than after the induction of the thrombophlebtits. The ultrassonography and venography post resection showed vascularity increase in this region. It was concluded that there is recanalization with endothelialization and vascular compensation made by pre-existing vessels necessary for drainage.